Eecient Stochastic Source Coding and an Application to a Bayesian Network Source Model

Brendan J. Frey and Geoorey E. Hinton 1997. EEcient stochastic source coding and an application to a Bayesian network source model. The Computer Journal 40, 157{165. In this paper, we introduce a new algorithm called \bits-back coding" that makes stochastic source codes eecient. For a given one-to-many source code, we show that this algorithm can actually be more eecient than the algorithm that always picks the shortest codeword. Optimal eeciency is achieved when codewords are chosen according to the Boltzmann distribution based on the codeword lengths. It turns out that a commonly used technique for determining parameters | maximum likelihood estimation | actually minimizes the bits-back coding cost when codewords are chosen according to the Boltzmann distribution. A tractable approximation to maximum likelihood estimation | the generalized expectation maximization algorithm | minimizes the bits-back coding cost. After presenting a binary Bayesian network model that assigns exponentially many codewords to each symbol, we show how a tractable approximation to the Boltzmann distribution can be used for bits-back coding. We illustrate the performance of bits-back coding using using nonsynthetic data with a binary Bayesian network source model that produces 2 60 possible codewords for each input symbol. The rate for bits-back coding is nearly one half of that obtained by picking the shortest codeword for each symbol.